1943: groundwork for artificial neural networks laid in a paper by Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts, “A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity“. ๐ [1]
1950: Alan Turing publishes the Computing Machinery and Intelligent paper which, amongst other things, establishes the Turing Test ๐ [6]
1951: Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds design the first neural net machine (machine, not computer) that navigated a maze like a rat. It was called SNARC. ๐[1]
1952: Arthur Samuel implements a computer program that can play checkers against a human, it’s the first AI program to run in the US. ๐พ [2]
1956: the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence conference is held, hosted by Minsky and John McCarthy. This also marks the coining of the term “artificial intelligence”. ๐ค [6][7]
1956: Allen Newell, Cliff Shaw, and Herbert Simon present the Logic Theorist at the above mentioned conference. This program attempted to recreate human decision making.ย ๐ค [6]
1957: Perceptron, the first recreation of neurological principles in hardware, invented by Frank Rosenblatt. ๐ง [1]
1959: Samuel uses the phrase “machine learning” for the first time, in the title of his paper “Some Studies in Machine Learning Using the Game of Checkers“. ๐ [2]
1960: Donald Michie builds a tic-tac-toe playing “computer” out of matchbooks. It utilized reinforcement learning and was called MENACE: Matchbox Educable Noughts And Crosses Engine. โโญ๏ธ [2]
1961: Samuel’s program beats a human checkers champion. ๐ [2]
1965: Joseph Weizenbaum builds ELIZA, one of the first chatbots ๐ฌ [7]
1969: Minsky writes a book called Perceptron that touched on the benefits of creating networks of perceptrons. ๐ [1]
1969: first AI conference held, the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelliengence. ๐ฅ [3]
1970: Seppo Linnainmaa creates first backpropagation equation (but it’s not known as such?). ๐ [3]
1986: Geoffrey Hinton and Ronald J. Williams publish paper creating/unveiling modern backprop. ๐ [3]
1997: IBM’s Deep Blue beats chess world champion Garry Kasparov. ๐ [5]
1999: the MNIST data set is published, a collection of handwritten digits from 0 to 9. โ๏ธ [5]
2012: GPUs used to win an ImageNet contest, becoming the gold standard for AI hardware. ๐
[4] (more)
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Updated on 10.01.18
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[1] Src: Open Data Science
[2] Src: Rodney Brooks
[3] Src: Open Data Science
[4] Src: Azeem on Medium
[5] Src: Open Data Science
[6] Src: Harvard’s Science in the News
[7] Src: AITopics